Ocean Convective Available Potential Energy. Part I: Concept and Calculation

Ocean Convective Available Potential Energy. Part I: Concept and Calculation

Thermobaric convection (type II convection) and thermobaric cabbeling (type III convection) might substantially contribute to vertical mixing, vertical heat transport, and deep-water formation in the World Ocean.However, the extent of this contribution remains poorly constrained. The concept of ocean convective available potential energy (OCAPE), the thermobaric energy source for type II and ty...

Part I: Concept and Theory

A Rigorous Calculation Method for Determining Potential-pH Diagrams Part I: Copper in Aqueous Solutions of Various Complexing Agents

The main aim of this research is to determine optimal leaching conditions; Eh, pH and complexing agent concentrations, for recovery of Copper from hydroxide sludges such as those produced by electroplating shops, metal finishers, treatment of acid mine drainage, and industrial wastewater in general. This has been preceded by a theoretical approach and numerical and computer calculation. Pot...

Why does tropical convective available potential energy (CAPE) increase with warming?

Recent work has produced a theory for tropical convective available potential energy (CAPE) that highlights the Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) scaling of the atmosphere’s saturation deficit as a driver of increases in CAPE with warming. Here we test this so-called “zero-buoyancy” theory for CAPE by modulating the saturation deficit of cloud-resolving simulations of radiative-convective equilibrium in ...

Inductance Calculation Techniques --- Part I: Classical Methods

INDEX OF SYMBOLS B Magnetic flux density (Tesla) c Speed of light ≈ 3×10 m/s Co Capacitance per unit length (F/m) Em Magnetic energy storage (Joules) H Magnetic field intensity (A/m) I Current (A) J Current density (A/m) K Surface current density (A/m) Lo Inductance per unit length (H/m) L Inductance (H) N Coil turns R Reluctance (A-turns/Wb) Φ Flux (Weber) λ Flux linkage (Weber-turns) εo Permi...